Professor & Associate Dean of Research
Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA
I am a Professor specialising in freshwater sciences. My interests are mainly in how we can manage, restore and assess freshwater ecosystems to promote their sustainable use and ecological resilience. I have particular interests in rewilding as a passive management approach and the role of beavers as ecological engineers and a nature-based solution.
Brief Biography
My research is in the field of ecology and management of freshwater ecosystems, principally in the areas of biomonitoring, ecosystem restoration, ecosystem processes and macroecology. Funding sources have included NERC, Environment Agency, SEPA, SNIFFER, SNH, British Waterways and Scottish Water. Research covers a number of interlinked themes:
Trait and functional group approaches to species-environment relationships Macroecology of aquatic vegetation Evaluating biomonitoring techniques based on aquatic plants, designing WFD classification tools Assessment and impacts of invasive species Application of remote sensing to early detection of environmental change in freshwaters Regenerative behaviour of riverine vegetation in relation to landscape connectivity and disturbance. Plant palatability and tissue element concentrations in relation to grazing Ecological effects of European beaver reintroduction
Maximising synergies of Ecological Restoration in a Landscape context: INnovation, upscaling and transformation
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–
Hydro-ecological consequences of beaver reintroduction
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–
Design of a lakes surveillance network for England
PI: Dr Daniel Chapman
Funded by: Environment Agency
–
DEVELOPMENT OF AN eDNA DATA SET TO PRODUCE A WFD COMPATIBLE CLASSIFICATION TOOL FOR LAKE FISH IN SCOTLAND
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–
Identifying drivers of aquatic plant invasions to quantify their risk to food security
PI:
Funded by: The Carnegie Trust
–
Nutrient pressures and their impacts on Aquatic Ecology
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Environment Agency
–
Freshwater Bio-assessment and its application in catchment management
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–
Dispersal and biodiversity impacts on community assembly and ecosystem services
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–
A review of Broads restoration and management: history, current condition and future recommendations and restoration feasibility studies for three broads.
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Broads Authority
–
Monitoring of Aquatic and Semi Aquatic macrophytes of the lochs, fluvial geomorphology, river habitat and hydrology
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: NatureScot (Formerly Scottish Natural Heritage)
–
Recycling Biomass to Agricultural LANd: Capitalizing on Eutrophication
PI: Professor David Oliver
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–
NEA Lakes Pilot Project
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Environment Agency
–
DARLEQ for Lakes and Rivers
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Bowburn Consultancy
–
Blue Skies PhD Support V Milner Geomorphological & biological validation of river typing
PI:
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council and Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–
Further Development of River Macrophyte WFD Tool - River Variability Module
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Environment Agency
–
A Functional Perspective on Long Term Changes in Macrophyte Communities in British Lakes
PI: Professor Nigel Willby
Funded by: Broads Authority, Environment Agency and Natural England
–
Studentship - Research based monitoring of the channel morphology & stream ecology of the River Nith rediversion at House of Water Open Coast Coal Site near New Cumnock,
PI:
Funded by: Scottish Coal Ltd
–
Article
Flume experiments reveal how beaver dam characteristics influence pond depth regulation
Hart J, Law A, Westbrook C, Rubinato M & Willby N (2025) Flume experiments reveal how beaver dam characteristics influence pond depth regulation. Journal of Hydrology, 662, p. 133872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133872
Article
Understanding the hydrological and landscape connectivity of lakes
Taylor P, Carvalho L, Chapman D, Law A, Miller C, Scott M, Siriwardena G, Thackeray SJ, Ward C, Wilkie C & Willby N (2025) Understanding the hydrological and landscape connectivity of lakes. Landscape Ecology, 40 (7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-025-02153-6
Article
Wilkie C, Law A, Thackeray S, Ward C, August T, Baker A, Belmont J, Carvalho L, Chapman D, Dobel A, Miller C, Pringle H, Scott M, Siriwardena G, Taylor P & Willby N (2025) Global Ecology and Biogeography Landscape-Scale Responses of Freshwater Biodiversity to Connectivity and Stressors. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 34 (6), Art. No.: e70069. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70069
Article
Revealing hidden sources of uncertainty in biodiversity trend assessments
Wilkes MA, Mckenzie M, Johnson A, Hassall C, Kelly M, Willby N & Brown LE (2025) Revealing hidden sources of uncertainty in biodiversity trend assessments. Ecography, 2025 (5), Art. No.: e07441. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.07441
Article
White HL, Fellows R, Woodford L, Ormsby MJ, van Biervliet O, Law A, Quilliam RS & Willby NJ (2025) The impact of beaver dams on distribution of waterborne Escherichia coli and turbidity in an agricultural landscape. Science of The Total Environment, 968, Art. No.: 178871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178871
Article
The Role of Non-Native Plant Species in Modulating Riverbank Erosion: A Systematic Review
Hardwick J, Hackney C, Keen L, Fitzsimmons C, Willby N & Pattison Z (2025) The Role of Non-Native Plant Species in Modulating Riverbank Erosion: A Systematic Review. River Research and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4420
Article
Multi-pollutant removal dynamics by aquatic plants in monoculture or mixed communities
Fletcher J, Willby NJ, Oliver DM & Quilliam RS (2024) Multi-pollutant removal dynamics by aquatic plants in monoculture or mixed communities. Environmental Research, 263 (1), Art. No.: 120041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.120041
Article
Law A, Baker A, Sayer CD, Foster G, Gunn IDM, Macadam CR & Willby NJ (2024) Repeatable patterns in the distribution of freshwater biodiversity indicators across contrasting landscapes. Landscape Ecology, 39 (11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-024-01992-z
Article
Optimising species detection probability and sampling effort in lake fish eDNA surveys
Sellers GS, Jerde CL, Harper LR, Benucci M, Di Muri C, Li J, Peirson G, Walsh K, Hatton-Ellis T, Duncan W, Duguid A, Ottewell D, Willby N, Law A & Bean CW (2024) Optimising species detection probability and sampling effort in lake fish eDNA surveys. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics, 8, Art. No.: e104655. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.8.104655
Article
Invertebrate responses to rewilding: a monitoring framework for practitioners
Cook P, Law A, Pattison Z, WallisDeVries MF & Willby NJ (2024) Invertebrate responses to rewilding: a monitoring framework for practitioners. Restoration Ecology, 32 (5), Art. No.: e14195. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14195
Article
Wilson KA, Law A, Hester AJ, Gaywood MJ & Willby NJ (2024) Tree felling by beaver promotes regeneration in riparian woodlands whilst increasing resource availability for deer. Forest Ecology and Management, 562, Art. No.: 121910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121910
Article
Fletcher J, Willby N, Oliver D & Quilliam RS (2024) Engineering aquatic plant community composition on floating treatment wetlands can increase ecosystem multifunctionality. Environmental Research, 243, Art. No.: 117818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117818
Article
Will they be back? A framework to guide rare macrophyte conservation decisions in lakes
Bennion H, Sayer C, Baker A, Bishop I, Glover A, Jones V, Law A, Madgwick G, Peglar S, Roberts C, Rose N, Turner S, Willby N & Yang H (2024) Will they be back? A framework to guide rare macrophyte conservation decisions in lakes. Restoration Ecology, 32 (1), pp. 1-16, Art. No.: e14026. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14026
Article
Synthesising 35 years of invasive non-native species research
Stevenson EA, Robertson P, Hickinbotham E, Mair L, Willby NJ, Mill A, Booy O, Witts K & Pattison Z (2023) Synthesising 35 years of invasive non-native species research. Biological Invasions, 25 (8), pp. 2423-2438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-023-03067-7
Article
Fletcher J, Willby N, Oliver DM & Quilliam RS (2023) Field-Scale Floating Treatment Wetlands: Quantifying Ecosystem Service Provision from Monoculture vs. Polyculture Macrophyte Communities. Land, 12 (7), p. 1382. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071382
Article
Sun J, Pattison Z, Cao Y, Fu W, Willby NJ & Li W (2023) Comparative impacts of dam water level regimes on herbaceous plant growth strategies in cascade reservoirs and downstream reaches of a major river. Freshwater Biology, 68 (1), pp. 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.14014
Article
How beavers affect riverine aquatic macroinvertebrates: a review
Washko S, Willby N & Law A (2022) How beavers affect riverine aquatic macroinvertebrates: a review. PeerJ, 10, Art. No.: e13180. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13180
Article
Poikane S, Kelly MG, Varbiro G, Borics G, Eros T, Hellsten S, Kolada A, Lukacs BA, Lyche Solheim A, Pahissa Lopez J, Willby NJ, Wolfram G & Phillips G (2022) Estimating nutrient thresholds for eutrophication management: Novel insights from understudied lake types. Science of the Total Environment, 827, Art. No.: 154242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154242
Article
Fletcher J, Willby N, Oliver DM & Quilliam RS (2022) Resource recovery and freshwater ecosystem restoration — Prospecting for phytoremediation potential in wild macrophyte stands. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 7, Art. No.: 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2022.100050
Article
Establishing ecologically-relevant nutrient thresholds: A tool-kit with guidance on its use
Kelly MG, Phillips G, Teixeira H, Várbíró G, Herrero FS, Willby NJ & Poikane S (2022) Establishing ecologically-relevant nutrient thresholds: A tool-kit with guidance on its use. Science of the Total Environment, 807 (Part 3), Art. No.: 150977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150977
Article
Pond ecology and conservation: research priorities and knowledge gaps
Hill MJ, Greaves HM, Sayer CD, Hassall C, Milin M, Milner VS, Marazzi L, Hall R, Harper LR, Thornhill I, Walton R, Biggs J, Ewald N, Law A & Willby N (2021) Pond ecology and conservation: research priorities and knowledge gaps. Ecosphere, 12 (12), Art. No.: e03853. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3853
Article
Salgado J, Sayer CD, Willby N, Baker AG, Goldsmith B, McGowan S, Davidson TA, Bexell P, Patmore IR & Okamura B (2021) Habitat heterogeneity enables spatial and temporal coexistence of native and invasive macrophytes in shallow lake landscapes. River Research and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3839
Book Chapter
Phytoremediation using Aquatic Plants
Fletcher J, Willby NJ, Oliver DM & Quilliam RS (2020) Phytoremediation using Aquatic Plants. In: Shmaefsky BR (ed.) Phytoremediation – In-Situ Applications. Concepts and Strategies in Plant Sciences. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 205-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00099-8_7
Article
Kelly MG, Phillips G, Juggins S & Willby NJ (2020) Re-evaluating expectations for river phytobenthos assessment and understanding the relationship with macrophytes. Ecological Indicators, 117, Art. No.: 106582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106582
Article
Beavers: The original engineers of Britain's fresh waters
Wilson K, Law A, Gaywood M, Ramsay P & Willby N (2020) Beavers: The original engineers of Britain's fresh waters. British Wildlife, 31 (6), pp. 403-411. https://www.britishwildlife.com/article/volume-31-number-6-page-403-411
Article
Impacts of multiple stressors on freshwater biota across spatial scales and ecosystems
Birk S, Chapman D, Carvalho L, Spears BM, Andersen HE, Argillier C, Auer S, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Banin L, Beklioğlu M, Bondar-Kunze E, Borja A, Branco P, Phillips G & Willby N (2020) Impacts of multiple stressors on freshwater biota across spatial scales and ecosystems. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 4 (8), p. 1060–1068. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1216-4
Article
Invasion of freshwater ecosystems is promoted by network connectivity to hotspots of human activity
Chapman DS, Gunn IDM, Pringle HEK, Siriwardena GM, Taylor P, Thackeray SJ, Willby NJ & Carvalho L (2020) Invasion of freshwater ecosystems is promoted by network connectivity to hotspots of human activity. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 29 (4), pp. 645-655. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13051
Article
Are beavers a solution to the freshwater biodiversity crisis?
Law A, Levanoni O, Foster G, Ecke F & Willby NJ (2019) Are beavers a solution to the freshwater biodiversity crisis?. Diversity and Distributions, 25 (11), pp. 1763-1772. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12978
Article
The effectiveness of aquatic plants as surrogates for wider biodiversity in standing fresh waters
Law A, Baker A, Sayer C, Foster G, Gunn IDM, Taylor P, Pattison Z, Blaikie J & Willby NJ (2019) The effectiveness of aquatic plants as surrogates for wider biodiversity in standing fresh waters. Freshwater Biology, 64 (9), pp. 1664-1675. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13369
Article
Salgado J, Sayer CD, Brooks SJ, Davidson TA, Baker AG, Willby N, Patmore IR, Goldsmith B, Bennion H & Okamura B (2019) Connectivity and zebra mussel invasion offer short-term buffering of eutrophication impacts on floodplain lake landscape biodiversity. Diversity and Distributions, 25 (8), pp. 1334-1347. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12938
Article
Seeney A, Eastwood S, Pattison Z, Willby N & Bull C (2019) All change at the water's edge: invasion by non-native riparian plants negatively impacts terrestrial invertebrates. Biological Invasions, 21 (6), pp. 1933-1946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-01947-5
Article
Sun J, Hunter PD, Tyler AN & Willby NJ (2019) Lake and catchment-scale determinants of aquatic vegetation across almost 1,000 lakes and the contrasts between lake types. Journal of Biogeography, 46 (5), pp. 1066-1082. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13557
Article
Riverbanks as battlegrounds: why does the abundance of native and invasive plants vary?
Pattison Z, Vallejo-Marín M & Willby N (2019) Riverbanks as battlegrounds: why does the abundance of native and invasive plants vary?. Ecosystems, 22 (3), pp. 578-586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0288-3
Article
Stream invertebrate diversity reduces with invasion of river banks by non-native plants
Seeney A, Pattison Z, Willby NJ, Boon PJ & Bull CD (2019) Stream invertebrate diversity reduces with invasion of river banks by non-native plants. Freshwater Biology, 64 (3), pp. 485-496. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13236
Article
Poikane S, Phillips G, Birk S, Free G, Kelly MG & Willby NJ (2019) Deriving nutrient criteria to support 'good' ecological status in European lakes: An empirically based approach to linking ecology and management. Science of The Total Environment, 650 (Part 2), pp. 2074-2084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.350
Article
Willby NJ, Law A, Levanoni O, Foster G & Ecke F (2018) Rewilding wetlands: beaver as agents of within-habitat heterogeneity and the responses of contrasting biota. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373 (1761), Art. No.: 20170444. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0444
Article
Poikane S, Portielje R, Denys L, Elferts D, Kelly M, Kolada A, Mäemets H, Phillips G, Søndergaard M, Willby N & van den Berg MS (2018) Macrophyte assessment in European lakes: Diverse approaches but convergent views of 'good' ecological status. Ecological Indicators, 94 (Part 1), pp. 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.06.056
Article
Sun J, Hunter P, Tyler A & Willby N (2018) The influence of hydrological and land use indicators on macrophyte richness in lakes – A comparison of catchment and landscape buffers across multiple scales. Ecological Indicators, 89, pp. 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.02.016
Article
Plants in aquatic ecosystems: current trends and future directions
O'Hare MT, Aguiar FC, Asaeda T, Bakker ES, Chambers PA, Clayton J, Elger A, Ferreira TM, Gross EM, Gunn IDM, Gurnell AM, Hellsten S, Hofstra DE, Li W, Mohr S, Puijalon S, Szoszkiewicz K, Willby N & Wood KA (2018) Plants in aquatic ecosystems: current trends and future directions. Hydrobiologia, 812 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3190-7
Article
Invasion legacy effects versus sediment deposition as drivers of riparian vegetation
Pattison Z, Whytock R & Willby N (2018) Invasion legacy effects versus sediment deposition as drivers of riparian vegetation. Biological Invasions, 20 (5), pp. 1189-1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1619-6
Article
Hilt S, Nunez MMA, Bakker ES, Blindow I, Davidson TA, Gillefalk M, Hansson L, Janse JH, Janssen ABG, Jeppesen E, Kabus T, Kelly A, Kohler J, Lauridsen TL & Willby N (2018) Response of Submerged Macrophyte Communities to External and Internal Restoration Measures in North Temperate Shallow Lakes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, Art. No.: 194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00194
Article
Using ecosystem engineers as tools in habitat restoration and rewilding: beaver and wetlands
Law A, Gaywood MJ, Jones KC, Ramsay P & Willby NJ (2017) Using ecosystem engineers as tools in habitat restoration and rewilding: beaver and wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 605-606, pp. 1021-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.173
Article
Alahuhta J, Kosten S, Akasaka M, Auderset D, Azzella M, Bolpagni R, Bove CP, Chambers PA, Chappuis E, Ilg C, Clayton J, de Winston M, Ecke F, Gacia E & Willby N (2017) Global variation in the beta diversity of lake macrophytes is driven by environmental heterogeneity rather than latitude. Journal of Biogeography, 44 (8), pp. 1758-1769. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12978
Article
Twenty years of change in riverside vegetation: What role have invasive alien plants played?
Pattison Z, Minderman J, Boon P & Willby N (2017) Twenty years of change in riverside vegetation: What role have invasive alien plants played?. Applied Vegetation Science, 20 (3), pp. 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12297
Editorial
Li W, Willby N & Hilt S (2017) Macrophytes in freshwater habitats-Perspectives from Asia Proceeding of the Second International Symposium of Aquatic Plant Biology (MACROPHYTE 2014, Wuhan, China). Aquatic Botany, 140, pp. 45-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2017.04.005
Article
Submerged macrophyte decline in shallow lakes: What have we learnt in the last forty years?
Phillips G, Willby N & Moss B (2016) Submerged macrophyte decline in shallow lakes: What have we learnt in the last forty years?. Aquatic Botany, 135, pp. 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2016.04.004
Article
Kelly MG, Birk S, Willby N, Denys L, Drakare S, Kahlert M, Karjalainen SM, Marchetto A, Pitt J, Urbanic G & Poikane S (2016) Redundancy in the ecological assessment of lakes: Are phytoplankton, macrophytes and phytobenthos all necessary?. Science of the Total Environment, 568, pp. 594-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.024
Article
Law A, McLean F & Willby N (2016) Habitat engineering by beaver benefits aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem processes in agricultural streams. Freshwater Biology, 61 (4), pp. 486-499. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12721
Article
Current status and restoration options for floodplains along the Danube River
Hein T, Schwarz U, Habersack H, Nichersu I, Preiner S, Willby N & Weigelhofer G (2016) Current status and restoration options for floodplains along the Danube River. Science of the Total Environment, 543 (Part A), pp. 778-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.073
Article
The regional hyporheic fauna of gravel-bed rivers and environmental controls on its distribution
Boon P, Willby N, Gilvear D & Pryce D (2016) The regional hyporheic fauna of gravel-bed rivers and environmental controls on its distribution. Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 187 (3), pp. 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1127/fal/2016/0705
Newspaper Article
Give beavers permanent residence - we'd be dam stupid not to
Willby N & Law A (2016) Give beavers permanent residence - we'd be dam stupid not to. The Conversation. 24.02.2016.
Article
Quilliam R, Van Niekerk M, Chadwick DR, Cross P, Hanley N, Jones DL, Vinten A, Willby N & Oliver D (2015) Can macrophyte harvesting from eutrophic water close the loop on nutrient loss from agricultural land?. Journal of Environmental Management, 152, pp. 210-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.046
Article
Linkages between reach-scale physical habitat and invertebrate assemblages in upland streams
Milner VS, Willby N, Gilvear D & Perfect C (2015) Linkages between reach-scale physical habitat and invertebrate assemblages in upland streams. Marine and Freshwater Research, 66 (5), pp. 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF14008
Technical Report
Portielje R, Bertrin V, Denys L, Grinberga L, Karottki I, Kolada A, Krasovskiene J, Leipute G, Maemets H, Ott I, Phillips G, Pot R, Schaumburg J, Schranz C & Willby N (2014) Water Framework Directive Intercalibration Technical Report: Central Baltic Lake Macrophyte ecological assessment methods. European Commission. JRC Technical Reports. Publications Office of the European Union. http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/water-framework-directive-intercalibration-technical-report-pbLBNA26514/
Technical Report
Willby N, Birk S, Poikane S & van de Bund W (2014) Water Framework Directive Intercalibration Manual: Procedure to fit new or updated classification methods to the results of a completed intercalibration. European Commission. JRC Technical Reports. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/111111111/31100
Technical Report
Hellsten S, Willby N, Ecke F, Mjelde M, Phillips G & Tierney D (2014) Water Framework Directive Intercalibration Technical Report: Northern Lake Macrophyte ecological assessment methods. European Commission. JRC Technical Reports. Publications Office of the European Union. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/111111111/30713
Article
The applicability of macrophyte compositional metrics for assessing eutrophication in European lakes
Kolada A, Willby N, Dudley B, Noges P, Sondergaard M, Hellsten S, Mjelde M, Penning WE, van Geest G, Bertrin V, Ecke F, Maemets H & Karus K (2014) The applicability of macrophyte compositional metrics for assessing eutrophication in European lakes. Ecological Indicators, 45, pp. 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.04.049
Article
Keruzore AA & Willby N (2014) Avoidance of hydrological disturbance by aquatic vegetation in the floodplain of a large upland river. Aquatic Botany, 116, pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.01.005
Article
Medium vs. short-term effects of herbivory by Eurasian beaver on aquatic vegetation
Law A, Jones K & Willby N (2014) Medium vs. short-term effects of herbivory by Eurasian beaver on aquatic vegetation. Aquatic Botany, 116, pp. 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.01.004
Article
Beavers and lilies: Selective herbivory and adaptive foraging behaviour
Law A, Bunnefeld N & Willby N (2014) Beavers and lilies: Selective herbivory and adaptive foraging behaviour. Freshwater Biology, 59 (2), pp. 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12259
Article
Birk S, Willby N, Kelly MG, Bonne W, Borja A, Poikane S & van de Bund W (2013) Intercalibrating classifications of ecological status: Europe's quest for common management objectives for aquatic ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 454-455, pp. 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.037
Article
Keruzore AA, Willby N & Gilvear D (2013) The role of lateral connectivity in the maintenance of macrophyte diversity and production in large rivers. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 23 (2), pp. 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2288
Article
Lyche-Solheim A, Feld CK, Birk S, Phillips G, Carvalho L, Morabito G, Mischke U, Willby N, Sondergaard M, Hellsten S, Kolada A, Mjelde M, Bohmer J, Miler O & Pusch MT (2013) Ecological status assessment of European lakes: A comparison of metrics for phytoplankton, macrophytes, benthic invertebrates and fish. Hydrobiologia, 704 (1), pp. 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1436-y
Article
An assessment of variants in the professional judgement of geomorphologically based channel types
Milner VS, Gilvear D & Willby N (2013) An assessment of variants in the professional judgement of geomorphologically based channel types. River Research and Applications, 29 (2), pp. 236-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1593
Article
Birk S, van Kouwen L & Willby N (2012) Harmonising the bioassessment of large rivers in the absence of near-natural reference conditions - a case study of the Danube River. Freshwater Biology, 57 (8), pp. 1716-1732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02831.x
Book Chapter
Wood PJ, Gilvear D, Willby N, Robertson AL, Gledhill T & Boon P (2012) Improvements in Understanding the Contribution of Hyporheic Zones to Biodiversity and Ecological Functioning of UK Rivers. In: Boon P & Raven P (eds.) River Conservation and Management. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 159-173. http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470682086.html; https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119961819.ch13
Article
Madgwick G, Emson D, Sayer CD, Willby N, Rose NL, Jackson MJ & Kelly A (2011) Centennial-scale changes to the aquatic vegetation structure of a shallow eutrophic lake and implications for restoration. Freshwater Biology, 56 (12), pp. 2620-2636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02652.x
Article
From metrics to Monet: The need for an ecologically meaningful guiding image
Willby N (2011) From metrics to Monet: The need for an ecologically meaningful guiding image. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 21 (7), pp. 601-603. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1233
Article
Hunter P, Gilvear D, Tyler A, Willby N & Kelly A (2010) Mapping macrophytic vegetation in shallow lakes using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20 (7), pp. 717-727. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.1144/abstract;jsessionid=9A60C3A3A526B76FA9ABCD6D7B39D6C4.d03t03; https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1144
Article
Birk S & Willby N (2010) Towards harmonization of ecological quality classification: Establishing common grounds in European macrophyte assessment for rivers. Hydrobiologia, 652 (1), pp. 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0327-3
Article
An assessment of the risk to surface water ecosystems of groundwater P in the UK and Ireland
Holman IP, Howden NJK, Bellamy PH, Willby N, Whelan MJ & Rivas-Casado M (2010) An assessment of the risk to surface water ecosystems of groundwater P in the UK and Ireland. Science of the Total Environment, 408 (8), pp. 1847-1857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.026
Article
Elger A, Willby N & Cabello-Martinez M (2009) Invertebrate grazing during the regenerative phase affects the ultimate structure of macrophyte communities. Freshwater Biology, 54 (6), pp. 1246-1255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02171.x
Article
Hunter P, Tyler A, Gilvear D & Willby N (2009) Using Remote Sensing to Aid the Assessment of Human Health Risks from Blooms of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria. Environmental Science and Technology, 43 (7), pp. 2627-2633. https://doi.org/10.1021/es802977u
Article
Jones K, Gilvear D, Willby N & Gaywood M (2009) Willow (Salix spp.) and aspen (Populus tremula) regrowth after felling by the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber): implications for riparian woodland conservation in Scotland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 19 (1), pp. 75-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.981
Article
Phosphorus in groundwater-an overlooked contributor to eutrophication?
Holman IP, Whelan MJ, Howden NJK, Bellamy PH, Willby N, Rivas-Casado M & McConvey PJ (2008) Phosphorus in groundwater-an overlooked contributor to eutrophication?. Hydrological Processes, 22 (26), pp. 5121-5127. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7198
Article
Hunter P, Tyler A, Willby N & Gilvear D (2008) The spatial dynamics of vertical migration by Microcystis aeruginosa in a eutrophic shallow lake: A case study using high spatial resolution time-series airborne remote sensing. Limnology and Oceanography, 53 (6), pp. 2391-2406. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.6.2391
Article
Gilvear D, Willby N, Kemp P & Large A (2008) Special issue: riverine hydroecology: advances in research and applications. Selected papers from the Tenth International Symposium on Regulated Streams, Stirling, August 2006. River Research and Applications, 24 (5), pp. 473-475. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1126
Article
Classifying aquatic macrophytes as indicators of eutrophication in European lakes
Penning WE, Mjelde M, Dudley B, Hellsten S, Hanganu J, Kolada A, van den Berg M, Poikane S, Phillips G, Willby N & Ecke F (2008) Classifying aquatic macrophytes as indicators of eutrophication in European lakes. Aquatic Ecology, 42 (2), pp. 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-008-9182-y
Article
Using aquatic macrophyte community indices to define the ecological status of European lakes
Penning WE, Dudley B, Mjelde M, Hellsten S, Hanganu J, Kolada A, van den Berg M, Poikane S, Phillips G, Willby N & Ecke F (2008) Using aquatic macrophyte community indices to define the ecological status of European lakes. Aquatic Ecology, 42 (2), pp. 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-008-9183-x
Book Chapter
Gravel bars: a key habitat of gravel-bed rivers for vegetation
Gilvear D, Francis R, Willby N & Gurnell A (2007) Gravel bars: a key habitat of gravel-bed rivers for vegetation. In: Habersack H, Piegay H & Rinaldi M (eds.) Gravel-Bed Rivers VI: From Process Understanding to River Restoration. Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 11. Elsevier, pp. 677-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-2025%2807%2911154-8
Article
Managing invasive aquatic plants: problems and prospects
Willby N (2007) Managing invasive aquatic plants: problems and prospects. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 17 (7), pp. 659-665. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.913
Book Chapter
Seasonal variability in the palatability of freshwater macrophytes: a case study
Elger A, Barrat-Segretain M & Willby N (2006) Seasonal variability in the palatability of freshwater macrophytes: a case study. In: Caffrey J, Dutarte A A, Haury J, Murphy K & Wade P (eds.) Macrophytes in Aquatic Ecosystems: From Biology to Management: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Aquatic Weeds, European Weed Research Society. Developments in Hydrobiology, 190. Amsterdam: Springer, pp. 89-93. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-5390-0_13#
Article
Seasonal variability in the palatability of freshwater macrophytes: A case study
Elger A, Barrat-Segretain M & Willby N (2006) Seasonal variability in the palatability of freshwater macrophytes: A case study. Hydrobiologia, 570 (1), pp. 89-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0166-4
Article
Gilvear D & Willby N (2006) Channel dynamics and geomorphic variability as controls on gravel bar vegetation; River Tummel, Scotland. River Research and Applications, 22 (4), pp. 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.917
Article
Jones K, Gilvear D, Willby N & Gaywood M (2003) Felling and foraging: results of the first year of beaver (Castor fiber) activity in an enclosed Scottish site [Vellen en foerageren: resultaten van het eerste jaar van activiteiten van bevers (Castor fiber) in een omrasterd gebied in Schotland]. Lutra, 46 (2), pp. 163-172. http://www.zoogdiervereniging.nl/node/191#163-uk
Article
Elger A & Willby N (2003) Leaf dry matter content as an integrative expression of plant palatability: The case of freshwater macrophytes. Functional Ecology, 17 (1), pp. 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00700.x
Article
Tissue nutrient signatures predict herbaceous-wetland community responses to nutrient availability
Willby N, Pulford ID & Flowers TH (2001) Tissue nutrient signatures predict herbaceous-wetland community responses to nutrient availability. New Phytologist, 152 (3), pp. 463-481. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00274.x
Article
Regenerative strategies of aquatic plants in disturbed habitats: The role of the propagule bank
Combroux I, Bornette G, Willby N & Amoros C (2001) Regenerative strategies of aquatic plants in disturbed habitats: The role of the propagule bank. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 152 (2), pp. 215-235.
Article
Combroux I, Bornette G, Willby N & Amoros C (2001) Regenerative strategies of aquatic macrophytes in flood disturbed habitats: the role of the propagule bank. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 152 (2), pp. 215-235.
Article
Willby N, Pygott JR & Eaton JW (2001) Inter-relationships between standing crop, biodiversity and trait attributes of hydrophytic vegetation in artificial waterways. Freshwater Biology, 46 (7), pp. 883-902. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2001.00722.x
Article
Attribute-based classification of European hydrophytes and its relationship to habitat utilization
Willby N, Abernethy VJ & Demars BOL (2000) Attribute-based classification of European hydrophytes and its relationship to habitat utilization. Freshwater Biology, 43 (1), pp. 43-74. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00523.x
Article
Abernethy VJ & Willby N (1999) Changes along a disturbance gradient in the density and composition of propagule banks in floodplain aquatic habitats. Plant Ecology, 140 (2), pp. 177-190. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0033048683&partnerID=40&md5=d8ae4576692432d1fc47305868e7933d; https://doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1009779411686
Article
A Scottish flood-plain mire: The Insh Marshes, Strathspey
Willby N, Murphy KJ & Pulford ID (1998) A Scottish flood-plain mire: The Insh Marshes, Strathspey. Scottish Geographical Journal, 114 (1), pp. 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00369229818737021
Article
Floating water-plantain in Britain - Under-recorded and overlooked?
Ferguson C, Briggs J & Willby N (1998) Floating water-plantain in Britain - Under-recorded and overlooked?. British Wildlife, 9 (5), pp. 298-303. https://www.britishwildlife.com/site/issue/210650/volume-09-number-5-june-1998
Article
Backwater habitats and their role in nature conservation on navigable waterways
Willby N & Eaton JW (1996) Backwater habitats and their role in nature conservation on navigable waterways. Hydrobiologia, 340 (1-3), pp. 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00012777
